Engineering And Its Impact On The United States - 1418 Words

Engineering was newly introduced to the United States in the late 1700s. The jobs were minimal and fully educated men were few and far between. America had a shaky start in the engineering field, but the profession quickly picked up speed. From 2009 to 2013, engineering degrees grew twice as fast as other disciplines (Bidwell, â€Å"The number of STEM degrees earned in the last 5 years grew exceptionally†). Everything from the most basic principles of engineering and the minutiae of an engineer’s daily routine, to complexities such as payment and respect for the profession have changed drastically since the 1800s due to more people becoming open to the ideas of innovation and diversity in such an integral field. Engineers are the life-blood of†¦show more content†¦It was not until the mid-1900s that only educated and trained people could call themselves engineers. To be considered a professional engineer, a license is needed (Mraz, â€Å"Changes in the Enginee ring Profession Over 80 Years†). Another evolution of engineering that occurred, was companies switching to a system called concurrent engineering. This is essentially just making sure that all of the employees for a certain job understand each step of the design process, giving them the ability to share opinions on each step along the way. Prior to this development, each engineer in a company had knowledge only on their specialty and could not offer input on any other process. This was largely implemented in the 1980s. When this was used, companies had 100% improvement in quality (Salustri, â€Å"an Extremely Abbreviated History of Engineering Design†). Engineering used to be a small, seemingly insignificant job. There were not many places and ways to successfully apply engineering, and even in the times where actual engineering was done, the engineer may not have been properly credited. There were people throughout history that accomplished things that would today be categorized as engineering, but at the time, all the fields of engineering had not yet been discovered. A good example of this is Dr. William Gorgas, who believed that mosquitoes were responsible for infecting thousands of workers with malaria during the building of the

How Successful Was the Nazi Regime in Dealing with...

How successful was the Nazi regime in dealing with opposition? Explain your answer. The Nazi regime dealt with opposition through a combination of persuasion and force. Nazi propaganda was so effective at portraying Hitler and the Nazi ideals in a positive light that many German people believed Hitler was a good leader and genuinely supported him. Others were too intimidated by potential consequences if they spoke against the regime that they did nothing. However, there were some who openly opposed Hitler and had to be dealt with. As Hitler came to power his biggest opponents were political ones and were the first opposition group that Hitler began to deal with. After the Enabling Law he banned all other political parties. The†¦show more content†¦However, this does not mean that they fully supported it either. Despite this, there were groups and individuals who did oppose the Nazi regime. Youth movements such as the Edelweiss Pirates, The Swing Youth and The White Rose Movement opposed the Nazi regime, rejected their values and produced anti-Nazi propaganda in defiance. They were more prominent in the later part of the 1930s and into the war years and were dealt with very harshly by the Nazi regime; 12 of the Edelweiss Pirates were hanged publicly whilst leading members of the White Rose Movement were executed. Although the Nazis dealt swiftly and decisively with the opposition of youth groups, the fact that these young people were rejecting the Nazi ideology they had grown up with suggests that the Nazi attempt to remove opposition by encouraging the loyalty of future generations was not as successful as it may have seemed. The regime also faced opposition from Church leaders. The Protestant Church, and particularly Pastor Martin Niemoller, opposed Hitler’s Reich Church whilst members of the Catholic Church were against some of the Nazi’s policies such as the Euthanasia Campaign. The Pope spoke out against Hitler and his ideals. Although some leaders were dealt with harshly – Niemoller was sent to a concentration camp and some Catholic priests were executed – the Nazis did not appear to be so effective in dealing with the Church’s opposition; most remained open even though leadersShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesNazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Goebbels once said the aim of the Nationalist Socialist Revolution must be a totalitarian state, which will permeate all aspects of public life In reality to put this into practise was a lot more difficult. From the outside, people assume that the Nazis had brainwashed every German citizen during their reign. 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EU Law The Council of Ministers and the European Essay Example For Students

EU Law: The Council of Ministers and the European Essay Council are the mostpowerful of the main institutions. Discuss. The different functions and responsibilities of each of theinstitutions makes it is almost impossible to single out themost powerful. Power, meaning by definition authority andcontrol. The Commission the guardian of treaties, TheEuropean Parliament the voice of democracy, The Court ofJustice, in theory, the servant of community law, and TheCouncil the decision maker, all play a vital role in theperformance of the European Community . None of theinstitutions works in isolation, but combine together toachieve the aims and objectives of the Community. Their levelof power is determined not only by the role of the institutionsthemselves but also the decision making process. Therefore inorder to evaluate the levels of power it is necessary toexamine each of the five main institutions and then to brieflyestablish their capacities within each decision making process. Described as being a hydra-headed conglomerate of a dozen or morefunctional councils (Pinder p25), The Council Of Ministers comprises 40different councils of national civil servants. Backed by a governmentaldepartment, most ministers realise that they have a responsibility to tryto reach agreements that will be of some benefit to the Community as awhole, although the national governments are able to exert an influenceover Community legislation. A Committee of Permanent Representatives(COREPER) which is charged with the background work and The Council OfMinisters is in permanent session. The Council meets in Brussels andLuxembourg, however the presidency which is described as a countrysopportunity to show its commitment to Europe (Noel p24) rotates everysix months and during this time meetings are held in whichever countryholds presidency. Combining legislative, executive and diplomatic roles, itsfunction is fundamentally to examine Commission proposals, ensuring thatthere is a common understanding and then establish whether the proposal canbe accepted. It is The Council Of Ministers job to try to co-ordinate thepolicies of the Member States in areas where the Communitys method isstill co-operation and not integration, for example areas such asmacroeconomic policy and foreign policy. Despite being the main decisionmaking body it can only deal with proposals coming from the Commission, mayonly amend them by unanimity and has no power of legislation without theCommissions approval. Decisions are taken by the ministers and, once adecision is adopted, recommendations are usually put to the Member Statesalthough they do not carry legal force. However, the less importantdecisions may be adopted without debate, as long as the permanentrepresentatives and commission representatives are unanimous. Also assisted by COREPER and a General Secretariat and consistingof heads of state or government, the president of the EEC Commission,foreign affairs ministers and members of the Commission. The EuropeanCouncil is an extension of the Council Of Ministers to the levels of headsof government or state. Although there was no provision for a EuropeanCouncil in the Treaty Of Rome, it was agreed in 1974 to establish one, thefirst meeting being in Dublin, 1st March 1975. Since then it is the onlyinstitution to have gained full competence in the Single European Act,giving legal recognition to its existence. In 1986 it was also agreed in1986 to restrict meetings to twice a year (having previously been threetimes a year), with a view to limiting the intervention of The EuropeanCouncil in the general running of the Community. Linked with the growing authority of the heads of state orgovernment in most member states, the importance of the European Council issteadily increasing. Despite having no legislative powers the EuropeanCouncil is vital in resolving log-jams, pushing the Community forwards andit sets an agenda for Community objectives. The decisions made havesignificant implications on the Community and although the methods forlaying the guidelines lead to difficulties regarding the implementation,they are decidedly effective. To Kill A Mockingbird Essay SummaryTherefore other areas of legislation still require proposals to go throughThe Consultation Procedure. The Co-operation Procedure involves The Commission taking a view onThe European Parliaments opinion. After this The Council adopts a commonposition whereby every one agrees by qualified majority. It is then TheParliaments responsibility to either approve or take no action in whichcase The Council either adopts the act, rejects it by an absolute majority,although The Council may still adopt the proposal within three months, oramend by absolute majority. If this takes place, within one month TheCommission must review the parliaments amendments within one month andthen may revise them. Finally The Council is given the option of eitheradopting or amending Commission proposals, adopting the amendments that theCommission would not accept or fail to act. Under The Maastricht Treaty there exists The ConciliationProcedure, which although not in action yet would have a more extensiverange of areas to cover. Comparable to The Co-operation Procedure, exceptThe European Parliament has the option of approving, taking no action,proposing amendments or rejecting the proposal. In the event of a rejectionThe European Parliament is obliged to inform The Council of itsintentions. The Council then has three months to act on the amendments, inwhich time it may adopt all aims, adopt the amendments proposed by TheEuropean Parliament by unanimity or fail to act. This procedure gives TheEuropean Parliament a significant role if The Council fails to act. If newlegislation is not created within six weeks The Council readopts a commonposition. However, if it is rejected by absolute majority voting within TheEuropean Parliament the proposal lapses. By means of a process of elimination the most powerfulinstitutions may be narrowed down. The Court Of Justice despite having thefinal say, therefore having authority over all of the other institutionsdoes not enter the process of establishing policies, consequentlydemonstrating that its role is to survey the implementation and onlyintervene to ensure that the community law is observed. The EuropeanParliament has a consultative role and despite increasing importance, itsdecisions can be overruled too simply by The Council and The Commission. Both vital to the Community and both having considerable amounts of power. The competition is between The Council and The Commission. Despite TheCouncils power to make decisions, all proposals originate from TheCommission and may only be altered by unanimity, whereas The Commissioncreates proposals and ensures that they are implemented. In conclusion, an understanding that the institutions work inunison instead of isolation to gain full-effect is imperative. However, ifthe definition of power is taken to be control and authority, then it isneither The Council Of Ministers nor the European Council which is the mostpowerful of the five main institutions, but by having the monopoly of thepower to propose as well as to implement it is undoubtedly The Commission.